A WebQuest History Unit: Doing a Poster of a Native American Tribe
Hernandez, F., Sparks, N. & A. Vega-Candelario. UOP Online.
Web Resources for Three Native American Tribes
This section of the webquest will provide information (pictures and texts) for three Native American tribes, with links to websites for them. The three tribes are: 1) Abenaki, 2) Blackfoot, and 3) Apache. The students’ teams will work in the classroom using its available computers there and others from the school’s computer lab if needed, with the help of the school technology specialist.
Abenaki Native American Tribe
The People
The Abenaki tribe, together with the Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Mi'kmaq, and Penobscot Indians, were members of the old Wabanaki Confederacy, adversaries of the Iroquois. These allies from the eastern seaboard spoke related languages, and Abenaki and Wabanaki have the same Algonquian root, meaning "people from the east." Abenakis live in two reserves in Quebec, and another 10,000 Abenaki descendants are scattered throughout New England. Only the Canadian Abenaki tribe is officially recognized, but there are at least three Abenaki bands in the United States: the Sokoki and Mazipskwik Abenakis of Vermont and the Cowasucks of Massachusetts. Up to 75% of Abenaki Native Americans in New England died of European diseases in the 1500's and 1600's.
Language
Abenaki-Penobscot is an Algonquian language that is spoken in Canada by a few Western Abenaki elders. The Abenaki language is a dialect continuum within the Eastern Algonquian languages. This language is spoken in Vermont, New Hampshire, Northern Massachusetts, and Maine. Modern Western Abenaki is currently spoken by a very small handful of Abenaki elders in Odanak, Quebec. Eastern Abenaki was spoken by elders of the Penobscot tribe in Eastern Maine until the 1990s, although it is now extinct. There were other types of Abenaki language that came from Eastern Abenaki. They were Caniba and Aroosagunticook, which are now extinct. The Caniba and Aroosagunticook are documented in French-language, from the Colonial period. Western and Eastern Abenaki have many things in common. However, they also are different in striking ways, not only for vocabulary but also for their phonology.
References
Wikipedia.(2010). The Free Encyclopedia. Abenaki language. Retrieved 1/7/10 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abenaki language
Native Languages. (2010). Abenaki pictures. Retrieved 1/7/2010 from:
www.nativelanguages.org/abenaki.htm

Indianin Abenaki


Abenaki sweetgrass

The Blackfoot Tribe/Background and Culture
There are four Blackfoot nations with different leadership: Siksika, Akainawa, Peigan, and Blackfeet. The Blackfoot tribe was a buffalo-hunting society of the Northern plains. Most of the Blackfoot tribe settled in Montana, Idaho, and Alberta. Many women and children were killed by the Europeans when they arrived to the Blackfoot living area. Although with the changes that the Blackfoot tribe experienced with the Europeans, they did not lose their culture and ways of viewing the world. The tribe lived in Teepees. The Blackfoot women and men had roles in the family that describe our early American traditions such as the man working the soil/dirt while women nurtured and were the homemakers. Male children were to follow the father’s role and the female children were to follow the mother’s role. The tribe used to travel by rafts and used dogs to carry their belongings when they traveled. They used horses later on after the Europeans arrived. An important soul of the tribe was a Blackfoot Indian chief named Crowfoot. He was a peace maker and highly respected for fighting issues within his own tribe such as alcohol and bringing down hatred amongst people of the Blackfoot nation and the Canadian government. He led his people into Canada during the second half of the 19th century. A picture of Crowfoot is below.
The teepee of the Blackfoot

Blackfoot tribe

Crowfoot
The Blackfoot language is still used to this day. The language is called Algonquian and about 800 people communicate in this language. The language is broken down into two dialects which are Pikanii and Siksika Blackfoot and are still used in Canada, United States, Southern Alberta, and Northern Montana.
Although the Blackfoot tribe didn’t have a menu like we have today, they had a nutritious diet. They maintained their survival from the main source that fed their people, buffalo. They included a small handful of vegetables in their diet. They use to make pemmican which consisted of buffalo, fat, choke cherries, and berries. They also made soups out of buffalo and combined buffalo meat with herbs. The buffalo meat was also sometimes dried and saved to eat at a later time. They ate ground squirrels, nuts, steamed camas roots, corn, fish, mountain sheep, and duck eggs.

Main Source of Food


Chokecherry

Blueberry

The Blackfoot tribe made their clothing from the hides of buffalo, elk, and deer. The clothing for celebrations, war, ceremonials, and religious expressions were decorated, describing tribal stories and beliefs. Headdresses were also worn by the chief and some women and were also decorated to the taste of each person.
Websites for general information and pictures on Blackfoot Tribe.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/NA-Blackfoot.html
http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot.htm
http://www.saskschools.ca/%7Eavonlea2/grass3/grade56/indexjm.htm
◀ Back http://projects.cbe.ab.ca/ict/2learn/mmspeight/blackfoot/html/buffalo.htm
For Pictures
http://images.google.com/images?q=blackfoot+tribe+pictures&hl=en&rlz=1T4TSNA_enUS360US360&sa=X&um=1
http://www.firstpeople.us/pictures/HowardTerpning/ls/Howard-Terpning-Blackfeet-Spectators.jpg
http://projects.cbe.ab.ca/ict/2learn/mmspeight/blackfoot/html/buffalo.htm
http://emerging-artist.com/Images/blackfootred.jpeg
http://www.elcivics.com/images/piegan-blackfoot.jpg
http://www.powwows.com/galleries/data/515/medium/Blackfoot_Indian.jpg
http://www.aaanativearts.com/images/articles/Mountain_Chief_Blackfoot2.jpg
For Maps: http://www.freewebs.com/white_buffalo/oampeop009m4.gif

Apache Native Americans
Apachean people formerly ranged over eastern Arizona, northwestern Mexico, New Mexico, and parts of Texas and the Great Plains. The Apaches were nomad wanderers, who mainly subsisted on animal hunting and plant collection of roots and berries, doing minimal agriculture. They did not eat the abundant fish and bear of their territory. The Apache were important in the late19th century history of the South West. At first, they traded with the European settlers and maintained peace with them through several treaties. However, conflicts and betrayals led to the Apache Wars that the Apache finally lost, even with their skillful leaders such as Cochise, Mangas Coloradas, Victorio, and Geronimo.

Geronimo (right) and his warriors in 1886 (Wikipedia, 2010b).
The Apache resisted domination by the Europeans for over two decades. Refusing to be confined to reservations, they tried to maintain their traditional nomadic lifestyles, practicing their religious rituals, and maintaining their freedom. Apache groups now live in Oklahoma and Texas, and on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. With their languages endangered and new lifestyles they still retain part of their culture, and lands.
Their dwellings were shelters of brush, easily erected by the women, and well adapted to their arid environment and constant shifting. They were and are above medium height, good talkers, smart, and protective of their property. They had their own lifestyle, eating meat of buffalo, deer, antelope, and small game and plant food from corn, nuts, seeds, roots, and fruits. They used bows, arrows, and long knives, and spoke Apache, a complex language. Apache women wore buck skin dresses and men wore leather shirts and breech clothes. Spiritual ceremonies and storytelling were important in their culture, with women in charge of home and men being hunters, warriors, and political leaders.
Apache ancestors had come down from the north, as is evident from their languages. They settled the Plains, but with the introduction of the horse, they were pressed south and west by the Comanche and Ute. Since1861, however, Apache engaged in a quarter-century confrontation against U.S. military forces. The Apache wars were among the fiercest fought on the frontier. The last ended in 1886 with the surrender of Geronimo. Apache descendants numbered some 100,000 in the early 21st century.
References
Answers.com. (2010). Apache. Retrieved 1/4/10 from: www.answers.com/topic/apache
New World Encyclopedia. (2010). Apache. Retrieved 1/3/10 from:
http://newworldencyclopedia.org/
Son of the South. (2010). Pictures of Apache Indians. Retrieved 1/6/2010 from:
www.sonofthesouth.net/american-indian/apache-pictures.htm
Wikipedia. (2010a). American Old West. In Wikipedia encyclopedia. Retrieved 1/4/10 from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_West
________. (2010b). Apache Wars. In Wikipedia encyclopedia. Retrieved 1/4/10 from:
http://en.wikipiedia.org/wiki/Apache_Wars
Apache

Apache portraits

Total population
56,060 (self-identified)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma
Languages
Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan Apache, Plains Apache, Mescalero, Western Apache
Religion
Native American Church, Christianity, traditional shamanistic tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Navajo
Source: New World Encyclopedia (2010)



Desert Apaches

Making Fire

Apache Camp

Fording River

Apache House

Apache Chief

Apache Warrior

Apache Girl

Apache Man

Young Woman

Indian Burial

Sacred Buckskin

Indian Baskets


Source: Sonofthesouth.net (2010)